time-series techniques

1) техника; технические средства; оборудование

2) технология; технические приёмы

•

- acoustic emission technique

1 collection, set, array, assemblage.

2 collection.

3 collection, array, panoply.

* * *

► nombre femenino

1 collection

* * *

* * *

SF collection

* * *

a) (de sellos, monedas, cuadros) collection

b) (fam) ( gran cantidad)

c) (Lit) collection

d) ( de modas) collection

* * *

= aggregation, collection, congeries, holdings, information store, library, stock, document collection, assemblage, repertory, collection, cache, deposit collection, harvest, picking, collecting, line-up, menagerie.

Ex. We should realize that a library is not simply an aggregation of discrete recorded materials; rather, it represents a collection, or more precisely collection of works.

Ex. A collection is two or more independent works or parts of works by one or more than one author published together and not written for the same occasion or for the publication in hand = Una colección son dos o más obras o partes de obras independientes de uno o más autores publicadas juntas y que no ha sido escritas para la misma ocasión o para la publicación en cuestión.

Ex. To be sure, it still has its congeries of mills and factories, its grimy huddle of frame dwellings and congested tenements, its stark, jagged skyline, but its old face is gradually changing.

Ex. A union catalogue then is, a catalogue listing in one sequence the holdings or part of the holdings of two or more libraries.

Ex. It is obviously impracticable to search the entire information store in the satisfaction of a particular request for information.

Ex. A library is no longer constrained to choose either a classified or a dictionary catalogue.

Ex. The second function of the catalogue is concerned with the housekeeping activity of keeping a record of the library stock.

Ex. Finally, the tacit assumption so far has been that we are dealing with a single document collection.

Ex. Ranganathan illustrates how these Main Subjects have developed by loose assemblage, dissection, denudation, distillation, etc..

Ex. Thousands of songs and piano pieces have been published in magazines issued throughout Europe and the Americas, yet an overall history is lacking for this large repertory of music.

Ex. While there are a profusion of techniques in existence to gain access to the collections, there is no uniform system.

Ex. It is known that there were books made from bamboo and wood during the Shang dynasty (1766-1122 BC) but none remain today except caches of oracle bones.

Ex. In many instances it is the ward sister who administers the deposit collection left by the local library.

Ex. The article is entitled 'Bountiful harvest: aquaculture and agriculture information services for the Pacific'.

Ex. The most popular recreation forms in nature are swimming in summer, the picking of berries, and mushrooms, cross-country skiing, and fishing and hunting.

Ex. Research done in the field of collecting has primarily focused on those people who are known collectors such as gun, stamp, or coin collectors.

Ex. The title of the article is 'The information market: a line-up of competitors'.

Ex. The latest addition to my clock menagerie is a cuckoo clock, something I've wanted for quite some time.

----

* análisis de la colección = collection analysis.

* basado en la colección = collection-centred, materials-centred [materials-centered], collection-based.

* bibliotecario encargado de colecciones especializadas = special collections librarian.

* bibliotecario encargado de la colección de mapas = map librarian.

* bibliotecario encargado del desarrollo de la colección = collections librarian.

* centrado en la colección = collection-centred, collection-based.

* colección básica = core collection.

* colección bibliográfica = book collection.

* colección bibliotecaria = library collection [library's collection].

* colección central = central collection.

* colección compartida = cooperative collection.

* colección cooperativa = cooperative collection.

* colección de animales = menagerie.

* colección de arte = art collection.

* colección de arte pictórico = pictorial art collection.

* colección de autógrafos = autograph collection.

* colección de comics = comics collection.

* colección de consulta = browsing collection.

* colección de control = test collection.

* colección de depósito legal = depository collection, legal deposit collection, deposit collection.

* colección de derecho = law collection.

* colección de diapositivas = slide library.

* colección de dibujos = drawing collection.

* colección de discos = record collection.

* colección de documentos impresos = print collection.

* colección de fondos electrónicos = e-collection [electronic collection].

* colección de fondos locales = local history collection, local collection.

* colección de fotografías = photograph collection.

* colección de grabaciones sonoras = sound collection.

* colección de historia local = local history collection.

* colección de investigación = research collection.

* colección de la biblioteca = library collection [library's collection].

* colección de libros = book collection.

* colección de libros de derecho en una prisión = prison law library.

* colección de libros de jardinería = gardening collection.

* colección de libros donados = gift collection.

* colección de libros raros = rare book collection, rare collection.

* colección de mapas = map collection.

* colección de música = music collection.

* colección de música popular = popular music collection.

* colección de objetos de las artes escénicas = theatre arts collection.

* colección de prácticas = laboratory collection.

* colección de prensa = newspaper collection.

* colección de préstamo = circulating collection.

* colección de préstamo restringido = course reserve.

* colección de programas informáticos = software library.

* colección de publicaciones monográficas = monograph stock.

* colección de publicaciones periódicas = periodical stock, periodical collection.

* colección de recortes = clipping file [cuttings file, -UK], cuttings file [clipping file, -USA].

* colección de recortes de periódicos = clippings collection.

* colección de referencia = reference collection.

* colección de relieves topográficos = topographical collection.

* colección de retratos = portrait collection.

* colección de sonido = sound collection.

* colección de tebeos = comics collection.

* colección de una biblioteca = local holding.

* colección de vídeos = video series.

* colección en varios volúmenes = multivolume set.

* colección especializada = special collection, study collection.

* colección ficticia = made-up collection.

* colección fotográfica = photographic library.

* colección impresa = print set.

* colección inactiva = inactive collection.

* colección integrada = integrated collection.

* colección local = area studies collection, local collection.

* colección monográfica = monographic collection, book series.

* colección multimedia = multimedia collection, media collection.

* colección paleontológica = palaeontology collection.

* colección patrimonial = heritage collection.

* colección personal = home collection, personal collection.

* colección pictórica = pictorial collection.

* colección privada = private collection.

* colección recogida = accumulation.

* colección temática = subject collection.

* crear una colección = build + collection.

* crecimiento de la colección = collection growth.

* desarrollo de la colección = collection building, collection development [collections development].

* encargado de la colección = stock editor.

* evaluación de la colección = collection assessment, collection evaluation, collection analysis.

* formación de la colección = collection building.

* formar una colección = build + collection.

* gestión de la colección = collection management.

* política de desarrollo de la colección = collection development policy.

* una colección desordenada de = a scrapbook of.

* uso de la colección = stock use.

* * *

a) (de sellos, monedas, cuadros) collection

b) (fam) ( gran cantidad)

c) (Lit) collection

d) ( de modas) collection

* * *

* * *

1 (de sellos, monedas, cuadros) collection

hace colección de mariposas she collects butterflies

2 ( fam)

(gran cantidad): no sé cómo quiere otro hijo, si ya tiene una colección I can't imagine why she wants another child, she already has a whole brood ( hum)

tiene una colección de pulseras she has a huge collection of bracelets

3 ( Lit) collection

4 (de modas) collection

colecciones infantiles children's fashions o wear

* * *

* * *

colección nf

1. [de sellos, objetos] collection

2. Fam [gran cantidad]

cometió una colección de errores he made a whole series of mistakes;

no dijo más que una colección de tonterías he talked a load of nonsense

3. [de moda] collection;

la colección de primavera the spring collection

* * *

f collection

* * *

colección nf, pl - ciones : collection

* * *

colección n collection

= a choice of, a number of, a range of, a series of, a suite of, an array of, a string of, a pattern of, a stream of, a battery of, a succession of

Ex. Several commands, such as CLEAR (ESC C), SHOW (F4), and PRINT (F6), give you a choice of settings at the bottom of the screen.

Ex. These four types of information retrieval tools have a number of common features.

Ex. Clearly, with such a complex range of symbols a filing order for the symbols must be defined, as there is no obvious order.

Ex. Edge notch cards have a series of holes around the perimeter.

Ex. Read-only access to title, supplier, and patron and fund accounting information is provided by a suite of general enquiry functions.

Ex. Not unlike several other institutions of higher education today, private universities find themselves beset with an array of problems, most of which turn on two closely linked axes: student enrollment is declining and costs are rising.

Ex. The author statement may, for example, name all of a string of authors, or just the first named.

Ex. A binary coded instruction would therefore appear as a pattern of 1s and 0s, eg: 0001 0000.

Ex. Children in modern society are faced with a ceaseless stream of new ideas, and responsibility for their upbringing has generally moved from parents to childminders and teachers.

Ex. There is a whole battery of minor skills and special techniques for using particular sources of information: they have to be mastered one at a time and committed to memory.

Ex. In a system devised at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, the cutting tool was guided through a succession of points by feeding their co-ordinates from a punched paper tape.

* * *

1 projection, planning, prevision.

2 protruding part, projection.

3 projection, display, showing.

4 projection, scope.

5 projection, projected shade, shade.

6 projection, light projection.

* * *

► nombre femenino

1 (gen) projection

2 CINEMATOGRAFÍA screening, showing

3 (alcance) scope; (fama) renown; (implicaciones) implications plural

* * *

* * *

1) (=acto) [de imagen] projection; [de luz] casting, throwing

2) (Cine) screening

3) (=diapositiva) slide, transparency

4) (=alcance) hold, influence

* * *

1)

a) (Cin) showing

b) ( de sombra) casting; ( de luz) throwing

c) (Mat, Psic) projection

2) (difusión, alcance - de ley) scope; (- de problema) implications (pl)

3) (de rocas, lava) discharge, throwing out

* * *

= projection, projection, projection, showing, screening.

Ex. The current practice of promotion and projection of public library services tends to be amateurish, piecemeal, unsustained and difficult to evaluate.

Ex. The Library will continue to take initiative in providing packaged data such as the book forms of the National Union Catalog, Films and Other Materials for projection, Chinese Cooperative Catalog, and Monographic Series.

Ex. In cartography projection is the way in which the curved surface of the earth is portrayed on the flat surface of the map.

Ex. After use the filmstrip has to be rewound ready for the next showing.

Ex. He focuses on the particular question as to how the laws apply to the various practices such as the screening of documentaries and other films in staff meetings.

----

* cañón de proyección = cannon projector.

* mención de proyección = statement of projection.

* proyección cinematográfica = cinematographic projection, film projection.

* proyección de cuestiones de interés = issues management.

* proyección de diapositivas = slide show [slideshow], slide projection.

* proyección demográfica = population projection, demographic projection.

* proyección de película = film show, film showing.

* proyección de tendencias = trend projection.

* proyección de transparencias = overhead projection.

* proyección mediante ordenador = computer projection.

* técnicas de proyección = forecasting techniques.

* * *

1)

a) (Cin) showing

b) ( de sombra) casting; ( de luz) throwing

c) (Mat, Psic) projection

2) (difusión, alcance - de ley) scope; (- de problema) implications (pl)

3) (de rocas, lava) discharge, throwing out

* * *

* * *

1 ( Cin) showing

la proyección de la película fue interrumpida the showing of the film was interrupted

una proyección de diapositivas a slide show

el tiempo de proyección es de 95 minutos it runs for o the running time is 95 minutes

2 (de una sombra) casting; (de luz) throwing

3 ( Mat) projection

4 ( Psic) projection

(difusión, alcance): la nueva ley tendrá una proyección mucho más amplia the new law will have much wider scope

su figura ha adquirido una proyección internacional he has become a figure of international renown

el problema tiene amplísimas proyecciones sociales the problem has very broad social implications o ramifications

C (de rocas, lava) discharge, throwing out

* * *

a) (Cin) showing

b) ( de sombra) casting;

* * *

proyección nf

1. [de mapa] projection

proyección cilíndrica cylindrical projection;

proyección cónica conical projection;

proyección ortogonal orthogonal projection

2. Mat projection

3. [de película] screening, showing;

una proyección de diapositivas a slide show

4. [lanzamiento] throwing forwards

5. [trascendencia] importance;

con proyección de futuro with a promising future;

la proyección internacional de una empresa the international presence o profile of a company

* * *

1 MAT, PSI projection

2 de película showing

* * *

proyección nf, pl - ciones

1) : projection

2) : showing, screening (of a film)

3) : range, influence, diffusion

1 shape, form (figura).

en forma de in the shape of

en forma de L L-shaped

tener forma ovalada o de óvalo to be oval in shape

formas figure, curves (silueta)

2 way, manner (manera).

se puede hacer de varias formas it can be done in several different ways

¡qué forma de llover! it's absolutely pouring down!

de cualquier forma, de todas formas anyway, in any case

de esta forma in this way

forma de pago method of payment

forma de ser: es su forma de ser that's just the way he is

3 form.

la fotografía es una forma de arte photography is an art form

formas de vida life forms

4 form (no fondo).

forma y fondo form and content

5 host (religion).

6 form (formulario). (Mexican Spanish)

7 kind, form.

8 aspect, semblance, appearance.

9 cast.

3^rd person singular (él/ella/ello) present indicative of spanish verb: formar.

2^nd person singular (tú) Imperative of Spanish verb: formar.

* * *

► nombre femenino

1 (gen) form, shape

■ en forma de X X-shaped

2 (manera) way

3 DEPORTE form

► nombre femenino plural formas

1 (modales) manners, social conventions

2 familiar (de mujer) curves

\

de esta forma in this way

de forma que so that

de todas formas anyway, in any case

estar en baja forma to be off form

estar en forma to be in shape, be fit

ponerse en forma to get fit

buenas formas good manners

forma de pago method of payment

forma física physical fitness

la Sagrada Forma the Host

* * *

1) form, shape

2) manner, way

•

- estar en forma

* * *

1) (=figura) shape

2) (=modo) way

3)

4) (tb: forma física) fitness, form

5) (=aspecto externo) form

6) pl formas [femeninas] figure sing

7) pl formas [sociales] appearances

8) (Rel)

9) (=molde) (Téc) mould, mold (EEUU); [de zapatero] last; [de sombrero] hatter's block; (Tip) forme, form (EEUU)

10) (Ling) [del verbo] form

11) (Tip) (=formato) format

12) LAm

13) Méx form

* * *

1)

a) (contorno, apariencia) shape

b) (tipo, modalidad) form

2) (Lit) (de una novela, obra) form; (Fil) form

3) (Ling) form

4) (Dep, Med)

5) (manera, modo) way

- forma de pago

6) formas femenino plural

a) ( de mujer) figure

b) ( apariencias) appearances (pl)

7) (Méx) ( formulario) form

* * *

= approach [approaches, -pl.], form, guise, means, mode, shape, way, mould [mold, -USA], shaping, complexion, manner, fashion.

Ex. During the last twenty years the variety of approaches to the organisation of knowledge has proliferated with the introduction of computer-based methods.

Ex. It is under the chosen form of heading that the catalogue entry for a particular document is filed and hence located.

Ex. In various guises, the basic concepts have found application in the design of a number of special classification schemes.

Ex. The easiest means of illustrating some of the foregoing points is to introduce in outline some special classification schemes.

Ex. Various modes of operation are possible for such a journal, and the precise operation will depend upon the type of information being conveyed.

Ex. If the book has an unusual shape then both the height and the width of the book will be given.

Ex. They are likely to influence the future function of DC, and the way in which the scheme will evolve, but since there will be a continuing need for shelf arrangement, DC will remain necessary.

Ex. The two moulds, which were twins, were oblong wire sieves mounted on wooden frames, and the deckle was a removable wooden rim which could be fitted to either mould to make it into a tray-like sieve with a raised edge.

Ex. The process of shaping the scientific and technical propaganda into a legitimate specialisation is described.

Ex. These documents contain the Commission's sentiments on how policy should be evolved in particular sectors and what complexion it should take = Estos documentos contienen el sentir de la Comisión de cómo debería desarrollarse la política en sectores concretos y qué cariz debería tomar.

Ex. City planning is a body of techniques and theories for co-ordinative decision-making which tries to distribute the community's resources in a manner which will best achieve the community's specific goals, whatever they may be = El urbanismo es un conjunto de técnicas y teorías para la toma coordinada de decisiones que intenta distribuir los recursos de la comunidad de tal forma que se consigan mejor los objetivos específicos de ésta, sean cuales sean.

Ex. It was on the tip of his tongue to say: 'Must you speak to me in this uncivilized fashion?' But he discreetly forbore.

----

* acabar de forma positiva = end + Nombre + on a high (note).

* actuar de forma negligente = be remiss.

* adoptar forma = take + shape.

* adoptar la forma de = take + form, take + the form of, come in + the form of.

* aprender de la forma más difícil = learn + the hard way.

* asumir una forma = assume + form.

* botón en forma de palo = toggle fastener.

* buena forma física = fitness, physical fitness.

* buscar la forma de = look for + ways to.

* buscar la forma de + Infinitivo = develop + way of + Gerundio.

* buscar una forma de hacer (algo) = develop + way + to make + Nombre.

* caer en forma de cascada = cascade.

* cambiar de forma = shape-shift.

* cambiar de forma de vivir = turn + Posesivo + life around.

* catálogo encuadernado en forma de listado de ordenador = computer book form catalogue.

* catálogo en forma de álbum = guard (book) catalogue.

* catálogo en forma de libro = bookform catalogue, book catalogue.

* catálogo en forma de libro encuadernado = bound book form catalogue.

* catálogo en forma de listado = computer print-out catalogue.

* catálogo en forma de listado de ordenador = computer book form catalogue.

* catálogo impreso en forma de libro = printed book catalogue.

* como forma de vida = as a way of life.

* como una forma de = as a means of.

* concepto de forma = form concept.

* con forma de castillo = castellated.

* con forma de estrella = star-shaped [star shaped].

* con forma de pelo = hair-like.

* con forma de pera = pear-shaped.

* con forma de pirámide = trihedral, pyramidal-shaped.

* con forma de tetraedro = trihedral.

* con forma de U = U-shaped.

* con forma piramidal = pyramidal-shaped.

* dar cuerpo y forma a = lend + substance and form to.

* dar forma = become + cast, give + shape, shape, mould [mold, -USA], inform.

* dar nueva forma = reformat [re-format].

* de alguna forma = in one way or another, one way or another.

* de alguna otra forma = in any other way.

* de cualquier forma = in any event, in any way [in anyway], in any case, in any way at all.

* de cualquier forma posible = in any and all ways.

* de esta forma = in this fashion, in this manner, in this way.

* de forma = in form.

* de forma abrumadora = overwhelmingly.

* de forma aceptable = adequately, acceptably.

* de forma adecuada = adequately, appropriately.

* de forma alternada = in alternating fashion.

* de forma alternativa = alternatively.

* de forma anónima = anonymously.

* de forma aplastante = overwhelmingly.

* de forma apreciable = markedly.

* de forma apropiada = properly, fitly, appropriately.

* de forma audible = audibly.

* de forma autónoma = autonomously.

* de forma caprichosa = capriciously.

* de forma clara = clearly.

* de forma colegiada = collegially.

* de forma combinada = in combination.

* de forma competitiva = competitively.

* de forma complementaria = complimentarily.

* de forma completa = in full.

* de forma conjunta con = in partnership with.

* de forma considerable = considerably.

* de forma continuada = continuously.

* de forma cuadrada = squarish, square-shaped.

* de forma deductiva = deductively.

* de forma desastrosa = disastrously.

* de forma deshonesta = dishonestly.

* de forma diferente = differently shaped.

* de forma digital = digitally.

* de forma divertida = funnily.

* de forma económica = cost-effectively.

* de forma errática = erratically.

* de forma escandalosa = outrageously.

* de forma especulativa = speculatively.

* de forma estructurada = in a structured fashion.

* de forma exquisita = exquisitely.

* de forma extraña = oddly, funnily.

* de forma federal = federally.

* de forma general = widely, bulk.

* de forma global = holistically.

* de forma graciosa = funnily.

* de forma gratis = on a complimentary basis.

* de forma gratuita = on a complimentary basis.

* de forma grotesca = grotesquely.

* de forma heterogénea = heterogeneously [heterogenously].

* de forma heurística = heuristically.

* de forma humorística = in a humorous vein.

* de forma imaginativa = imaginatively.

* de forma indirecta = circuitous route.

* de forma inesperada = like a bolt out of the blue, like a bolt from the blue.

* de forma innata = innately.

* de forma irregular = erratically.

* de forma lamentable = miserably.

* de forma lógica = in a meaningful way.

* de forma mágica = magically.

* de forma mecánica = mechanically.

* de forma mordaz = pungently.

* de forma muy parecida a = in much the same way as.

* de forma muy similar a = in much the same way as.

* de forma negativa = in a negative light.

* de forma neutral = neutrally.

* de forma notoria = markedly.

* de forma óptima = optimally.

* de forma personalizada = on a one-to-one basis.

* de forma poco ética = unethically.

* de forma poco imaginativa = unimaginatively.

* de forma poco profesional = unprofessionally.

* de forma poco razonable = unreasonably.

* de forma positiva = in a positive light, constructively.

* de forma práctica = pragmatically.

* de forma precisa = precisely.

* de forma puntual = occasionally, when necessary.

* de forma que = in ways that.

* de forma que resulta más fácil de entender = in digestible form.

* de forma rara = oddly, funnily.

* de forma recíproca = reciprocally.

* de forma regular = regularly.

* de forma rentable = cost-effectively.

* de forma ridícula = grotesquely.

* de forma saludable = healthily.

* de forma sana = healthily.

* de forma significativa = to any significant extent, to a significant extent.

* de forma sistemática = in a systematic fashion.

* de forma sofisticada = sophisticatedly.

* de forma subconsciente = subconsciously.

* de forma sublime = subliminally.

* de forma suscinta = in brief.

* de forma terapéutica = therapeutically.

* de forma tosca = in crude form.

* de forma trágica = tragically.

* de igual forma = in like manner, in a like manner, in like fashion, in like vein.

* de la forma más difícil = the hard way.

* de la forma más fácil = the easy way .

* de la mejor forma posible = to the best of + Posesivo + ability.

* de la misma forma que = in the same way (as), in the same manner (as), in much the same way as.

* de la otra forma = the other way (a)round.

* de muchas formas = in more ways than one.

* de ninguna forma = in any way at all.

* de ninguna otra forma = in any other way.

* de nuevas formas = in new ways.

* de otra forma = in any other way.

* describir de forma general = outline.

* de tal forma que + ser/estar = in such form as to + be.

* de todas formas = anyway(s), at any rate, anyhow.

* de todas las formas posibles = in any and all ways.

* de una forma = in a fashion.

* de una forma + Adjetivo = in + Adjetivo + manner.

* de una forma ambigua = ambiguously.

* de una forma brillante = brilliantly.

* de una forma deplorable = execrably.

* de una forma fácil = easily.

* de una forma hábil = skilfully [skillfully, -USA].

* de una forma intangible = intangibly.

* de una forma lógica = logically.

* de una forma monstruosa = monstrously.

* de una forma organizada = in an organised fashion.

* de una forma rápida = quickly.

* de una forma relativamente + Nombre = relatively + Adverbio.

* de una forma simple = in a simple manner, simply.

* de una forma tautológica = tautologically.

* de una forma u otra = in some form or other, in one way or another, one way or another, in one form or another.

* de una nueva forma = in a new way.

* dispuesto de forma uniforme = regimented.

* división de forma = form division.

* edificio en forma de cubo = cubic building.

* en buena forma = in good nick.

* encabezamiento de forma = form heading.

* encontrar la forma de = devise + ways.

* en forma = fit [fitter -comp., fittest -sup.], toned.

* en forma de = in the form of, in the shape of.

* en forma de A = A-shaped.

* en forma de arco = arched, bowed.

* en forma de capa = cape-like.

* en forma de cruz = cross-shaped.

* en forma de cuadrado = square-shaped.

* en forma de cuña = wedge-shaped.

* en forma de cúpula = dome-shaped, domed.

* en forma de D = d-shaped.

* en forma de estrella = star-shaped [star shaped].

* en forma de libro = in book form.

* en forma de medialuna = crescent-shaped.

* en forma de parásito = parasitically.

* en forma de pera = pear-shaped.

* en forma de pirámide = pyramidal-shaped.

* en forma de trompeta = trumpet-shaped.

* en forma de U = U-shaped.

* en forma de V = V-shaped.

* en forma física = physically fit.

* en forma física y mental = physically and mentally fit.

* en forma ovalada = oval-shaped.

* en forma piramidal = pyramidal-shaped.

* en mala forma = in bad nick.

* en plena forma = in peak condition, in tip-top form, in tip-top condition.

* en su forma más básica = at its most basic.

* entintar la forma = beat + the forme.

* entrada de forma = form entry.

* estar en forma = be in shape, be in good shape.

* estar ordenado en forma circular = be on a wheel.

* faceta de forma = Form facet.

* forma adjetival = adjectival form.

* forma artística = art form.

* forma de actuar = discourse.

* forma de comportamiento = mode of behaviour, way of conduct.

* forma de conducta = mode of conduct, way of conduct.

* forma de conseguir algo = lever.

* forma de doble fondo = double-faced mould.

* forma de escribir = writing style.

* forma de evitar Algo = way round + Algo.

* forma de evitar una dificultad = way (a)round + difficulty.

* forma de evitar un problema = way round + problem.

* forma de expresión = way of expression, mode of expression.

* forma de funcionar = business model.

* forma de hablar = manner of speaking.

* forma de hacer papel = paper mould.

* forma de impresión = composing frame, forme, plate, frame.

* forma de la curva estadística en su valor más alto = peak-shape.

* forma de pago = form of payment.

* forma de papel vitela = wove mould.

* forma de pensar = thinking, belief system, set of opinions, mode of thought, mode of thinking.

* forma de presentación = form of presentation.

* forma de trabajar = working practice, work practice, business model.

* forma de un solo fondo = single-faced mould.

* forma de un solo fondo para papel verjurado = single-faced laid mould.

* forma de ver las cosas = way of putting things together, bent of mind.

* forma de vida = way of life.

* forma excelente = commanding form.

* forma física = physical form, physical condition, physical shape.

* forma flexionada = inflected form.

* forma geométrica = geometric shape, geometric pattern.

* forma impresa = hard copy [hardcopy].

* forma intelectual = intellectual form.

* forma manual = hand mould.

* forma nominal = noun form.

* forma para papel verjurado = laid mould.

* ganar de forma abrumadora = beat + Nombre + hands down, win + hands down.

* ganar de forma aplastante = beat + Nombre + hands down, win + hands down, win by + a landslide.

* ganar de forma arrolladora = win by + a landslide.

* guardar las formas = keep up + appearances.

* indicar las formas (de/en que) = point to + ways (of/in which).

* la forma correcta de hacer las cosas = the way to go.

* la forma de = ways and means (of/for/to/in/by).

* la forma de + Infinitivo = the way to go about + Gerundio.

* la forma de ver las cosas = the way + to see things.

* la mejor forma de hacer Algo = lessons learned [lessons learnt].

* mantenerse en forma = keep + fit.

* no haber forma de = there + be + no way.

* no hay forma de que = for the life of me.

* ofrecer una forma de = provide + a way of/to.

* orientado hacia la forma = form-oriented.

* participar de forma activa = involve.

* participar de forma activa en = engage in.

* participar de una forma activa = become + involved.

* pensar de forma creativa = think out(side) + (of) the box.

* poner en forma = buff up.

* ponerse en forma = get + fit.

* ponerse en forma para la lucir el cuerpo en la playa = get + beach-fit.

* por la forma = by the way.

* presentar en forma de tabla = tabulate.

* red en forma de estrella = star network [star-network].

* sentirse en plena forma = feel + tip-top.

* ser la forma abreviada de = be short for.

* ser la forma de = be a recipe for.

* ser mirado de forma extraña = get + some funny looks.

* ser una forma de = provide + a way of/to.

* sin forma = bodilessly, formless.

* sugerir la forma de = suggest + way in which.

* tener forma + Adjetivo = be + Adjetivo + in shape.

* terminar de forma positiva = end + Nombre + on a high (note).

* tomar forma = take + form, take + shape, assume + form, shape up.

* una buena forma de empezar = a good way to start.

* volver a dar forma = reshape [re-shape].

* * *

1)

a) (contorno, apariencia) shape

b) (tipo, modalidad) form

2) (Lit) (de una novela, obra) form; (Fil) form

3) (Ling) form

4) (Dep, Med)

5) (manera, modo) way

- forma de pago

6) formas femenino plural

a) ( de mujer) figure

b) ( apariencias) appearances (pl)

7) (Méx) ( formulario) form

* * *

* * *

1 (contorno, apariencia) shape

tiene forma circular it's circular (in shape)

en forma de cruz in the shape of a cross

tiene la forma de un platillo it's the shape of a saucer o it's saucer-shaped

los tenemos de todas formas y tamaños we have them in all shapes and sizes

el alfarero da forma al barro the potter shapes the clay

finalmente logró dar forma a sus proyectos he finally managed to give some shape to his plans

el suéter ha cogido la forma de la percha the sweater's been stretched out of shape by the coat hanger

el príncipe tomó la forma de una rana the prince turned into a frog

la escultura/el proyecto está empezando a tomar forma the sculpture/plan is beginning to take shape

2 (tipo, modalidad) form

la discriminación no puede ser tolerada bajo ninguna de sus formas discrimination cannot be tolerated in any shape or form

las distintas formas de vida animal the different forms of animal life

el medicamento se presenta en forma de supositorios y de comprimidos the medicine comes in suppository or tablet form

1 ( Lit) (de una novela, obra) form

fondo y forma form and content

2 ( Der):

un defecto de forma a technicality ( in drafting or presentation)

3 ( Fil) form

C ( Ling) form

la forma singular the singular (form)

D ( Dep, Med):

estar/mantenerse en forma to be/keep fit

esta temporada está en baja forma this season he's off form o he's not in good form

me siento en plena forma I feel on top form

en forma ( AmL fam): una comida en forma a good square meal ( colloq)

hoy nos divertimos en forma we had a terrific o fantastic time today

metiste la pata en (gran) forma you really put your foot in it ( colloq)

E (manera, modo) way

es su forma de ser it's just his way, it's just the way he is

no me gusta nada su forma de organizar las cosas I don't like his way of organizing things at all

¡qué forma de gritar, ni que estuviese sorda! there's no need to shout, I'm not deaf!

así no hay forma de entenderse we'll never get anywhere like this

lo hizo de forma que él no se enterase ( frml); she did it in such a way that he would not find out

de cualquier forma or de todas formas or de una forma o de otra anyway, in any case

form o method of payment

F formas fpl

1 (de una mujer) figure

2 (apariencias) appearances (pl)

en público siempre guardan or cubren las formas they always keep up appearances in public

G ( Méx) (formulario) form

* * *

3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) presente indicativo

2ª persona singular (tú) imperativo

a) (contorno, apariencia) shape;

◊ en forma de cruz in the shape of a cross;

b) (tipo, modalidad) form;

◊ distintas formas de vida animal different forms of animal life;

◊ estar en forma to be fit;

◊ es su forma de ser it's just the way he is;

◊ formas sustantivo femenino plural

a) ( de mujer) figure

b) ( apariencias) appearances (pl);

◊ guardar las formas to keep up appearances

a) ( crear) ‹círculo/figura› to make, form;

◊ ¡formen parejas! ( en clase) get into pairs o twos!;

b) (Ling) to form

c) (Mil) ‹ tropas› to have … fall in

◊ un equipo formado por cinco personas a team made up of five people;

a) (hacerse, crearse) [grupo/organismo] to form;

◊ se formó una cola a line (AmE) o (BrE) queue formed

b) ( desarrollarse) [niño/huesos] to develop

c) ‹idea/opinión› to form

* * *

forma nf

1. [figura] shape, form;

¿qué forma tiene? what shape is it?;

en forma de triángulo in the shape of a triangle;

en forma de L L-shaped;

el escultor dio forma al barro the sculptor shaped the clay;

tener forma ovalada o [m5] de óvalo to be oval (in shape);

el proyecto comienza a tomar forma the project is starting to take shape

2. [manera] way, manner;

tiene una forma de hablar muy divertida she has a very funny way of talking;

no ha habido forma de localizarlo it was impossible to find him;

se puede hacer de varias formas it can be done in several different ways;

lo siento, es mi forma de ser I'm sorry, that's just the way I am o that's just my way;

¡qué forma de llover! it's absolutely pouring down!;

de cualquier forma, de todas formas anyway, in any case;

si lo hacemos de esta forma, acabaremos antes if we do it this way, we'll finish earlier;

viajaremos en segunda, de esta forma recortaremos gastos we can travel second class, that way we'll keep the cost down;

han organizado las conferencias de forma que haya diez minutos de intervalo entre ellas they've arranged the speeches in such a way that there's a ten-minute break between each one;

llegaremos a las ocho, de forma que podamos comenzar temprano we'll be there by eight so (that) we can start early;

dobla la camisa de forma que no se arruguen las mangas fold the shirt so (that) the sleeves don't get creased

3. [manifestación] form;

la fotografía es una forma de arte photography is an art form

4. [condición física] fitness;

estar en forma to be fit;

estar en baja/plena forma to be in poor/top shape;

vuelvo a estar en plena forma I'm fully fit again;

mantenerse/ponerse en forma to keep/get fit

en perfecta forma física in perfect (physical) shape

5. [de equipo, artista] form;

estar en forma to be on form;

estar en baja/plena forma to be off form/on top form

6.

un cuerpo de formas armoniosas a curvaceous body

7.

guardar las formas to keep up appearances

8. [horma, molde] mould

9. Rel host;

la Sagrada Forma the Holy Host

10. Arte & Lit form;

a este escritor le importa más la forma que el contenido this writer is more interested in form than content

11. Ling form;

en forma plural in the plural

12. Méx [formulario] form

* * *

1 form

2 ( apariencia) shape;

en forma de in the shape of;

dar forma a algo shape sth

3 ( manera) way;

de forma que in such a way that;

de todas formas in any case, anyway;

de alguna forma, en cierta forma in a way;

de cualquier forma anyway;

de ninguna forma not in the slightest, fam no way;

no hay forma de que coma/estudie nothing will make him eat/study, it’s impossible to get him to eat/study

formas pl proprieties;

guardar las formas keep up appearances

estar en forma be fit;

mantenerse en forma stay in shape

6 Méx ( formulario) form

* * *

forma nf

1) : form, shape

2) manera, modo: manner, way

3) : fitness

estar en forma: to be fit, to be in shape

4) formas nfpl

: appearances, conventions

* * *

forma n

1. (contorno) shape

2. (manera) way

SUBJECT AREA: Medical technology, Photography, film and optics

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At the age of 19 Marey went to Paris to study medicine, becoming particularly interested in the problems of the circulation of the blood. In an early communication to the Académie des Sciences he described a much improved device for recording the pulse, the sphygmograph, in which the beats were recorded on a smoked plate. Most of his subsequent work was concerned with methods of recording movement: to study the movement of the horse, he used pneumatic sensors on each hoof to record traces on a smoked drum; this device became known as the Marey recording tambour. His attempts to study the wing movements of a bird in flight in the same way met with limited success since the recording system interfered with free movement. Reading in 1878 of Muybridge's work in America using sequence photography to study animal movement, Marey considered the use of photography himself. In 1882 he developed an idea first used by the astronomer Janssen: a camera in which a series of exposures could be made on a circular photographic plate. Marey's "photographic gun" was rifle shaped and could expose twelve pictures in approximately one second on a circular plate. With this device he was able to study wing movements of birds in free flight. The camera was limited in that it could record only a small number of images, and in the summer of 1882 he developed a new camera, when the French government gave him a grant to set up a physiological research station on land provided by the Parisian authorities near the Porte d'Auteuil. The new design used a fixed plate, on which a series of images were recorded through a rotating shutter. Looking rather like the results provided by a modern stroboscope flash device, the images were partially superimposed if the subject was slow moving, or separated if it was fast. His human subjects were dressed all in white and moved against a black background. An alternative was to dress the subject in black, with highly reflective strips and points along limbs and at joints, to produce a graphic record of the relationships of the parts of the body during action. A one-second-sweep timing clock was included in the scene to enable the precise interval between exposures to be assessed. The fixed-plate cameras were used with considerable success, but the number of individual records on each plate was still limited. With the appearance of Eastman's Kodak roll-film camera in France in September 1888, Marey designed a new camera to use the long rolls of paper film. He described the new apparatus to the Académie des Sciences on 8 October 1888, and three weeks later showed a band of images taken with it at the rate of 20 per second. This camera and its subsequent improvements were the first true cinematographic cameras. The arrival of Eastman's celluloid film late in 1889 made Marey's camera even more practical, and for over a decade the Physiological Research Station made hundreds of sequence studies of animals and humans in motion, at rates of up to 100 pictures per second. Marey pioneered the scientific study of movement using film cameras, introducing techniques of time-lapse, frame-by-frame and slow-motion analysis, macro-and micro-cinematography, superimposed timing clocks, studies of airflow using smoke streams, and other methods still in use in the 1990s. Appointed Professor of Natural History at the Collège de France in 1870, he headed the Institut Marey founded in 1898 to continue these studies. After Marey's death in 1904, the research continued under the direction of his associate Lucien Bull, who developed many new techniques, notably ultra-high-speed cinematography.

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See also: Demenÿ, Georges

BC / MG

SUBJECT AREA: Paper and printing

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Moxon acquired a knowledge of mathematics, map making and many technical arts, to which, as a result of some time spent in Holland, he added a knowledge of languages. By 1657 he was established in Cornhill in London, "at the sign of Atlas", where he published and sold "all manner of mathematical books or instruments and maps whatsoever". Soon after 1660, Moxon was appointed Hydrographer to King Charles II, i.e. map and chart printer and seller. By this time his shop was on Ludgate Hill, and in 1683 it had moved to the west side of Fleet Ditch, but retained its name "at the sign of Atlas". Moxon's most important publishing venture was a series of handbooks, never completed, entitled Mechanick Exercises or the Doctrine of Handy- Works. It was begun in 1677 and was intended to be published monthly and cover the whole range of practical techniques, such as metal-turning and woodworking. However, the series was suspended after a year or so due to the effects of the Popish Plot, which "took off the minds of my few customers from buying". He resumed publication with the most important of these works, Mechanick Exercises on the Whole Art of Printing, which appeared in 1683–4. Although printing had been invented more than two centuries earlier, this is the first detailed account in any language of printing, and includes all aspects of the process: type casting, setting, and construction and operation of the press itself, together with the organization of the printing shop. It served as the basis of future handbooks throughout the age of the hand press.

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. воспользоваться; максимально использовать; можно использовать; наиболее эффективно использовать; пользоваться; применять; широко использовать

•

We will show how these numbers can be put to use.

•

Advantage is taken of this fact in some turbojet engines.

•

Unique processes and equipment have been successfully applied in the mining and refining of potash salts.

•

The great majority of amplifiers are electronic and depend (or rely) upon transistors and chips for their operation.

•

These projects can draw on the data from five tests.

•

The new relay employs three sets of contacts.

•

We shall follow this method.

•

To harness atomic energy for peaceful uses,...

•

This reaction may be harnessed to perform work.

•

The power unit makes use of a standard electric starter.

•

These vehicles rely on ambient air as a source of oxygen.

•

This nonreciprocity has as yet not been turned to useful account in antennas.

•

At present, these laboratories are being utilized to test timbers.

•

Such high precision makes it possible to employ (or use, or utilize) laser radiation as a primary standard of length and time.

•

With electricity farmers could run useful devices of all kinds.

•

This offers the possibility of putting hydrides to work in heat pumps.

•

These techniques take advantage of the laser's high spectral intensity.

•

Lasers are exploited to heat plasmas with short pulses of light.

•

Double-break or multibreak devices can exploit this effect even at higher voltages.

•

We make use of the generalized invariants.

•

The author's suggestions were picked up by the Japanese who ran some preliminary tests on eleven pure elements.

•

The steam from a dry field can be put to use() other than power production.

•

We can draw on the equation of general relativity to calculate...

•

The newest accelerators exploit the same fundamental principles as the first ones.

•

Simplifying assumptions have been invoked to separate the two processes for individual study.

•

If this natural gas can be tapped, there would be a tremendous source of fuel.

•

This prevents defective parts from being put into service.

•

When all the even (or odd) integers are used up, there will still be half the series...

* * *

 Under these circumstances, we can employ the data from this experiment to establish limits for heat fluxes.

 These diffusers exploit the centrifugal forces acting on a swirling throughflow to enhance mixing and combustion.

 Each engine will be provided with a control unit which makes use of modern electronic techniques (... в котором используется...).

 Two independent methods were applied to eliminate any possible error in fringe order determination.

 The work of L. [...] was drawn on for the design of turbine blades.

 However, the theoretical magnitude is far from correct and we must rely on experimental values for the coefficient C.

— безразлично, что использовать

— вместо... можно использовать

— выгодно использовать

— возможность выгодно использовать

— голословно использовать в качестве доказательства

— давать право использовать

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— если мы хотим использовать его с уверенностью

— желательно использовать

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— запрещается использовать

— использовать... для многих целей

— использовать в качестве

— использовать в качестве основы

— использовать в практике проектирования

— использовать вместо

— использовать возможность

— использовать все его возможности

— использовать для разных целей

— использовать информацию строго конфиденциально

— использовать одинаковую систему обозначений

— использовать по назначению

— использовать повторно

— использовать по-разному

— использовать принцип

— использовать с выгодой

— использовать совместно с

— которые можно было сразу же использовать в

— который следует использовать при

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— не использовать для

— не позволяют использовать

— не рекомендуется использовать

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— очень хорошо использовать для этого

— первым использовал

— позволяет использовать

— позволяет использовать способность

— полезно учесть влияние..., используя

— полностью использовать возможности

— полностью использовать преимущества

— поэтому для того, чтобы..., требовалось использовать

— приходится использовать

— разрешается использовать только

— результаты можно без изменения использовать в случае

— следует использовать в максимальной степени

— чтобы можно было использовать..., необходимо знать

SUBJECT AREA: Agricultural and food technology

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In 1896 Carver was invited by Booker T.Washington, noted for his efforts to improve the education of African American craftspeople after the Civil War, to join the teaching staff at the Tuskegee Institute, Alabama. Carver became renowned for his innovative work in developing agricultural products, particularly from the peanut, sweet potato and cowpea. He was one of the first agriculturalists of that time to promote the use of organic fertilizers, and he was noted for his work in the hybridization of local plants. In spite of these achievements, his immediate impact on the African American farming community lay in promoting agricultural education and extension work. In 1897 Carver was appointed the first director of the Tuskegee agricultural experiment station. Here, he developed teaching techniques in agricultural education, such as issuing a series of clearly-written information bulletins. He also devised the first mobile school in the American South, which consisted of a farm wagon equipped with educational material and travelled from farm to farm, demonstrating the latest agricultural techniques.

Carver was granted only three patents: one in 1923 for a cosmetic and two, in 1925 and 1927, for processes for making pigments.

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SUBJECT AREA: Mechanical, pneumatic and hydraulic engineering

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Poncelet studied mathematics at the Ecole Polytechnique in Paris from 1807 to 1810. He joined the Army, gaining admission to the Corps of Engineers. He worked on the fortifications on the Isle of Walcheren in Holland, and in 1812 he found himself on the Russian front, engulfed in the disastrous defeat of the French at Krasnoi. Poncelet was left for dead on the field, but he was found by the Russians and taken to Saratov, where he was imprisoned for two years. He had ample opportunity there to ponder mathematical problems, a mental process from which stemmed his pioneering advances in projective geometry.

After his release he returned to this native city of Metz, where he undertook routine military engineering and teaching tasks. These left him time to pursue his mathematical studies in projective geometry. This bore fruit in a series of publications, most notably the first volume of his Traité des propriétés projectives des figures (1822, Paris), the first book to be devoted to the new discipline of projective geometry. With his election to the Académie des Sciences in 1834, Poncelet moved to Paris and devoted much of his time to developing courses in applied mechanics in the Faculty of Science, resulting in a number of books, especially the Introduction à la mécanique industrielle, physique ou expérimentale (1841, Paris: Metz). In 1848 he had attained the rank of general and was made Commandant of the Ecole Polytechnique, a post he held for two years. After his retirement in 1850 he was deeply involved in the industrial machines and tools division at both the Great Exhibition in London in 1851 and the similar exhibition in Paris in 1855.

Most of Poncelet's work in applied mechanics and technology was conceived during the period 1825–40. His technological innovations were centred on hydraulic engineering, and in 1826 he invented an inward-flow turbine. At the same time he directed his attention to the vertical undershot water-wheel, with wooden blades set radially and substituted curved metal blades: he used tight-fitting masonry and floors in the wheel pits so that all the water would be swept into the spaces between the blades. In addition, he ensured that the water flowing from the blades fell clear of the wheel and did not run in tail water. This greatly improved the efficiency of the water-wheel.

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SUBJECT AREA: Chemical technology, Synthetic materials

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Dr Gibson's work towards the discovery of polythene had its origin in a visit in 1925 to Dr A. Michels of Amsterdam University; the latter had made major advances in techniques for studying chemical reactions at very high pressures. After working with Michels for a time, in 1926 Gibson joined Brunner Mond, one of the companies that went on to form the chemical giant Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI). The company supported research into fundamental chemical research that had no immediate commercial application, including the field being cultivated by Michels and Gibson. In 1933 Gibson was joined by another ICI chemist, E.O.Fawcett, who had worked with W.H. Carothers in the USA on polymer chemistry. They were asked to study the effects of high pressure on various reaction systems, including a mixture of benzaldehyde and ethylene. Gibson's notebook for 27 March that year records that after a loss of pressure during which the benzaldehyde was blown out of the reaction tube, a waxy solid was observed in the tube. This is generally recognized as the first recorded observation of polythene. By the following June they had shown that the white, waxy solid was a fairly high molecular weight polymer of ethylene formed at a temperature of 443°K and a pressure of 2,000 bar. However, only small amounts of the material were produced and its significance was not immediately recognized. It was not until two years later that W.P.Perrin and others, also ICI chemists, restarted work on the polymer. They showed that it could be moulded, drawn into threads and cast into tough films. It was a good electrical insulator and almost inert chemically. A British patent for producing polythene was taken out in 1936, and after further development work a production plant began operating in September 1939, just as the Second World War was breaking out. Polythene had arrived in time to make a major contribution to the war effort, for it had the insulating properties required for newly developing work on radar. When peacetime uses became possible, polythene production surged ahead and became the major industry it is today, with a myriad uses in industry and in everyday life.

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возбуждение

. воспользоваться; максимально использовать; можно использовать; наиболее эффективно использовать; пользоваться; применять; широко использовать

•

We will show how these numbers can be put to use.

•

Advantage is taken of this fact in some turbojet engines.

•

Unique processes and equipment have been successfully applied in the mining and refining of potash salts.

•

The great majority of amplifiers are electronic and depend (or rely) upon transistors and chips for their operation.

•

These projects can draw on the data from five tests.

•

The new relay employs three sets of contacts.

•

We shall follow this method.

•

To harness atomic energy for peaceful uses,...

•

This reaction may be harnessed to perform work.

•

The power unit makes use of a standard electric starter.

•

These vehicles rely on ambient air as a source of oxygen.

•

This nonreciprocity has as yet not been turned to useful account in antennas.

•

At present, these laboratories are being utilized to test timbers.

•

Such high precision makes it possible to employ (or use, or utilize) laser radiation as a primary standard of length and time.

•

With electricity farmers could run useful devices of all kinds.

•

This offers the possibility of putting hydrides to work in heat pumps.

•

These techniques take advantage of the laser's high spectral intensity.

•

Lasers are exploited to heat plasmas with short pulses of light.

•

Double-break or multibreak devices can exploit this effect even at higher voltages.

•

We make use of the generalized invariants.

•

The author's suggestions were picked up by the Japanese who ran some preliminary tests on eleven pure elements.

•

The steam from a dry field can be put to use() other than power production.

•

We can draw on the equation of general relativity to calculate...

•

The newest accelerators exploit the same fundamental principles as the first ones.

•

Simplifying assumptions have been invoked to separate the two processes for individual study.

•

If this natural gas can be tapped, there would be a tremendous source of fuel.

•

This prevents defective parts from being put into service.

•

When all the even (or odd) integers are used up, there will still be half the series...

________________________________________

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William G. Morgan (1870-1942), who was born in the State of New York, has gone down in history as the inventor of the game of volleyball, to which he originally gave the name "Mintonette".

The young Morgan carried out his undergraduate studies at the Springfield College of the YMCA (Young Men's Christian Association) where he met James Naismith who, in 1891, had invented basketball. After graduating, Morgan spent his first year at the Auburn (Maine) YMCA after which, during the summer of 1896, he moved to the YMCA at Holyoke (Massachusetts) where he became Director of Physical Education. In this role he had the opportunity to establish, develop, and direct a vast programme of exercises and sports classes for male adults.

His leadership was enthusiastically accepted, and his classes grew in numbers. He came to realise that he needed a certain type of competitive recreational game in order to vary his programme. Basketball, which sport was beginning to develop, seemed to suit young people, but it was necessary to find a less violent and less intense alternative for the older members.

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The sport originated in the United States, and is now just achieving the type of popularity in the U.S. that it has received on a global basis, where it ranks behind only soccer among participation sports.

Today there are more than 46 million Americans who play volleyball. There are 800 million players worldwide who play Volleyball at least once a week.

In 1895, William G. Morgan, an instructor at the Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA) in Holyoke, Mass., decided to blend elements of basketball, baseball, tennis, and handball to create a game for his classes of businessmen which would demand less physical contact than basketball. He created the game of Volleyball (at that time called mintonette). Morgan borrowed the net from tennis, and raised it 6 feet 6 inches above the floor, just above the average man's head.

During a demonstration game, someone remarked to Morgan that the players seemed to be volleying the ball back and forth over the net, and perhaps "volleyball" would be a more descriptive name for the sport.

On July 7, 1896 at Springfield College the first game of "volleyball" was played.

In 1900, a special ball was designed for the sport.

1900 - YMCA spread volleyball to Canada, the Orient, and the Southern Hemisphere.

1905 - YMCA spread volleyball to Cuba

1907 Volleyball was presented at the Playground of America convention as one of the most popular sports

1909 - YMCA spread volleyball to Puerto Rico

1912 - YMCA spread volleyball to Uruguay

1913 - Volleyball competition held in Far Eastern Games

1917 - YMCA spread volleyball to Brazil

In 1916, in the Philippines, an offensive style of passing the ball in a high trajectory to be struck by another player (the set and spike) were introduced. The Filipinos developed the "bomba" or kill, and called the hitter a "bomberino".

1916 - The NCAA was invited by the YMCA to aid in editing the rules and in promoting the sport. Volleyball was added to school and college physical education and intramural programs.

In 1917, the game was changed from 21 to 15 points.

1919 American Expeditionary Forces distributed 16,000 volleyballs to it's troops and allies. This provided a stimulus for the growth of volleyball in foreign lands.

In 1920, three hits per side and back row attack rules were instituted.

In 1922, the first YMCA national championships were held in Brooklyn, NY. 27 teams from 11 states were represented.

In 1928, it became clear that tournaments and rules were needed, the United States Volleyball Association (USVBA, now USA Volleyball) was formed. The first U.S. Open was staged, as the field was open to non-YMCA squads.

1930's Recreational sports programs became an important part of American life

In 1930, the first two-man beach game was played.

In 1934, the approval and recognition of national volleyball referees.

In 1937, at the AAU convention in Boston, action was taken to recognize the U.S. Volleyball Association as the official national governing body in the U.S.

Late 1940s Forearm pass introduced to the game (as a desperation play) Most balls played with overhand pass

1946 A study of recreation in the United States showed that volleyball ranked fifth among team sports being promoted and organized

In 1947, the Federation Internationale De Volley-Ball (FIVB) was founded in Paris.

In 1948, the first two-man beach tournament was held.

In 1949, the first World Championships were held in Prague, Czechoslovakia.

1949 USVBA added a collegiate division, for competitive college teams. For the first ten years collegiate competition was sparse. Teams formed only through the efforts of interested students and instructors. Many teams dissolved when the interested individuals left the college. Competitive teams were scattered, with no collegiate governing bodies providing leadership in the sport.

1951 - Volleyball was played by over 50 million people each year in over 60 countries

1955 - Pan American Games included volleyball

1957 - The International Olympic Committee (IOC) designated volleyball as an Olympic team sport, to be included in the 1964 Olympic Games.

1959 - International University Sports Federation (FISU) held the first University Games in Turin, Italy. Volleyball was one of the eight competitions held.

1960 Seven midwestern institutions formed the Midwest Intercollegiate Volleyball Association (MIVA)

1964Southern California Intercollegiate Volleyball Association (SCVIA) was formed in California

1960's new techniques added to the game included - the soft spike (dink), forearm pass (bump), blocking across the net, and defensive diving and rolling.

In 1964, Volleyball was introduced to the Olympic Games in Tokyo.

The Japanese volleyball used in the 1964 Olympics, consisted of a rubber carcass with leather panelling. A similarly constructed ball is used in most modern competition.

In 1965, the California Beach Volleyball Association (CBVA) was formed.

1968 National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA) made volleyball their fifteenth competitive sport.

1969 The Executive Committee of the NCAA proposed addition of volleyball to its program.

In 1974, the World Championships in Mexico were telecast in Japan.

In 1975, the US National Women's team began a year-round training regime in Pasadena, Texas (moved to Colorado Springs in 1979, Coto de Caza and Fountain Valley, CA in 1980, and San Diego, CA in 1985).

In 1977, the US National Men's team began a year-round training regime in Dayton, Ohio (moved to San Diego, CA in 1981).

In 1983, the Association of Volleyball Professionals (AVP) was formed.

In 1984, the US won their first medals at the Olympics in Los Angeles. The Men won the Gold, and the Women the Silver.

In 1986, the Women's Professional Volleyball Association (WPVA) was formed.

In 1987, the FIVB added a Beach Volleyball World Championship Series.

In 1988, the US Men repeated the Gold in the Olympics in Korea.

In 1989, the FIVB Sports Aid Program was created.

In 1990, the World League was created.

In 1992, the Four Person Pro Beach League was started in the United States.

In 1994, Volleyball World Wide, created.

In 1995, the sport of Volleyball was 100 years old!

In 1996, 2-person beach volleyball was added to the Olympics

There is a good book, "Volleyball Centennial: The First 100 Years", available on the history of the sport.

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SUBJECT AREA: Photography, film and optics

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Abney began his career as an officer in the Army and was an instructor in chemistry in the Royal Engineers at Chatham, where he made substantial use of photography as a working tool. He retired from the Army in 1877 and joined the Science and Art Department at South Kensington. It was at Abney's suggestion that a collection of photographic equipment and processes was established in the South Kensington Museum (later to become the Science Museum Photography Collection).

Abney undertook significant researches into the nature of gelatine silver halide emulsions at a time when they were being widely adopted by photographers. Perhaps his most important practical innovations were the introduction of hydroquinone as a developing agent in 1880 and silver gelatine citrochloride emulsions for printing-out paper (POP) in 1882. However, Abney was at the forefront of many aspects of photographic research during a period of great innovation and change in photography. He devised new techniques of photomechanical printing and conducted significant researches in the fields of photochemistry and spectral analysis. Abney published throughout his career for both the specialist scientist and the more general photographic practitioner.

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SUBJECT AREA: Domestic appliances and interiors

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Born in upstate New York, where his father was a small manufacturer, Edward Clark attended college at Williams and graduated in 1831. He became a lawyer in New York City and from then on lived either in the city or on his rural estate near Cooperstown in upstate New York. After a series of share manipulations, Clark acquired a one-third interest in Isaac M. Singer's company. They soon bought out one of Singer's earlier partners, G.B.Zeiber, and in 1851, under the name of I.M.Singer \& Co., they set up a permanent sewing machine business with headquarters in New York.

The success of their firm initially rested on marketing. Clark introduced door-to-door sales-people and hire-purchase for their sewing machines in 1856 ($50 cash down, or $100 with a cash payment of $5 and $3 a month thereafter). He also trained women to demonstrate to potential customers the capabilities of the Singer sewing machine. At first their sewing machines continued to be made in the traditional way, with the parts fitted together by skilled workers through hand filing and shaping so that the parts would fit only onto one machine. This resembled European practice rather than the American system of manufacture that had been pioneered in the armouries in that country. In 1856 Singer brought out their first machine intended exclusively for home use, and at the same time manufacturing capacity was improved. Through increased sales, a new factory was built in 1858–9 on Mott Street, New York, but it soon became inadequate to meet demand.

In 1863 the Singer company was incorporated as the Singer Manufacturing Co. and began to modernize its production methods with special jigs and fixtures to help ensure uniformity. More and more specialized machinery was built for making the parts. By 1880 the factory, then at Elizabethport, New Jersey, was jammed with automatic and semi-automatic machine tools. In 1882 the factory was producing sewing machines with fully interchangeable parts that did not require hand fitting in assembly. Production rose from 810 machines in 1853 to half a million in 1880. A new family model was introduced in 1881. Clark had succeeded Singer, who died in 1875, as President of the company, but he retired in 1882 after he had seen through the change to mass production.

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